Laura Equirels Like Water for Chocolate :: essays research papers

LoveTrue be intimate is emotion and passion. True love is when twain individuals see each other and never want to leave each other. True love is a feeling of love every time genius sees or even thinks of his or her soul mate.I do not suppose true love was ever reached in this novel with any of the characters. Tita and Pedro unendingly had worries and doubts about their relationship together. And that is what kept them from reaching true love. If they question their love and relationship because of other individuals, it cannot in fact be true love. I believe what Tita and Pedro felt was passion. Passion for each other that was stronger than any other character. With no need for words, they took each others hands and went into the blueish room. Pedro and Titas dark room was proof of how secretive they wanted to be. Although Tita loves her family immensely, she could not let that love interfere with her love for Pedro not for the shortest time. Tita and Pedro did not puzzle enou gh emotional love for them to have true love. When they saw each other, they hardly had any other love than their passion of the dark room. They did not express many ideas for their proximo together.Tita and lavs love was not near true love. They had some emotional love when together, but no passion for love. They knew they could start a family and a future together, but Tita especially had an empty feeling of love when around John. Probably the same emptiness Pedro feels for Rosaura. Those are the kinds of love where two people can have a successful future and family together, but could be emotionally separate from each other. In a way, Rosaura and Pedros relationship is almost a boding for Tita and Johns relationship.

Shakespeares Macbeth as a Tragic Hero Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth as a Tragic Hero According to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, The best(p) tragic plot moves the friend from prosperity to misfortune, occasioned not by depravity, but by some great mistake he makes. The plot of Macbeth follows these basic rule of thumbs throughout the play we follow the path of the main character as his life is torn apart as a result of the colossal mistake he makes when he kills Duncan. It is for this and the many ensuing reasons that we can say that Macbeth accurately portrays the image of a tragic hero as outlined by Aristotle. Aristotles first guideline for an effective tragic hero is someone that is basically good. While Macbeth does not exactly make sound moral decisions, toward the beginning of the play his conscience is fighting against his greed, and this demonstrates that he does have a basic level of goodness, although towards the end it is difficult to find it. For example, Macbeth says, We will proceed no further in this business he hath honored me of late, and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people... This seems to be his conscience speaking out against the proposed killing of Duncan. It is, however, a very feeble protest, but this is belike due more to the passive tendencies he harbored before the first killing than to a lack of inner goodness. Macbeth was probably a good man in the beginning, but because he is easily influenced and as a result of his inability to make good decisions, it is easy to lose sight of that basic goodness that is undoubtedly in him. Aristotle also states that a hero should be lifelike. Although he never states exactly what he means, it is usually interpreted to mean that a tragic hero should seem like a real human b... ...whole mess in the beginning- in battle. In conclusion, these numerous different itemors lead me to say that Macbeth can accurately be called a tragic hero. Even at the most basic level of tragedy it is true, because there is a def inite feeling of pity for him. Despite the fact that he ruthlessly murdered numerous prominent individuals, including his own king, there is still a sense of pity. While the audience ultimately feels relieved that Macbeth is mighty punished at the expense of his own life, there is the feeling that he was really just a good guy who made some fallacious choices and got pulled into something way over his head. For this reason we sympathize with him, and out of the realization that this situation could quite possibly happen to any of us, fear and pity him as well. solely these factors combined prove that Macbeth really is a tragic hero.

Catching Them Early :: essays papers

Catching Them Early capital of Virginia, California, is a predominately low-income city across the bay from San Francisco. In some of its hard-pressed neighborhoods, children be at high risk of crowd involvement, drug abuse, and violence and teen pregnancy. But instead of relying only on law enforcement agencies to keep children safe, the people of Richmond have taken matters into their own hands. Community agencies and schools are working together to break the cycle of poverty and violence. Catching Them Early profiles the extraordinary efforts of Richmonds Lincoln basal School to ensure a bright future for its children. Ninety-nine percent of the kids attending Lincoln qualify for federal meal subsidies many have family members in a gang. So the school makes special efforts, including the hiring of outreach workers, to provide the kind of support kids need to stay in class and do well. Teenagers in Richmond view support at Families Unites, an unusual commu nity health organization that has made crime prevention part of its mission. Families Unites and its caseworkers like outreach worker Gonzalo Rucobo, who was himself once a gang member, help kids stay out of gangs and avoid conflicts that can lead to violence. Catching Them Early observes one teenagers struggle to remove himself from gang violence without alienating his aging friends. Two of my friends, he says, have got shot down, and they were not banging anymore. Im just trying to stay out of trouble. I dont say Im lucky until probably ten eld from now. You never know whos going to come up behind you. Catching Them Early also explores how Richmond is responding to the growing tendency of teenage girls to become pertain in violence and crime. Richmond targets teen mothers, providing them with training in child rearing and help in anticipating the difficulties they will encounter, and makes a special effort by programs like Head Start to make sure that young children ge t the support they need to become successful students. Richmond is inspiring, says series writer/ producer Roger Grief, because its a community under pressure that is challenging its youth crime problem without relying solely on cops, courts, and corrections.

In Search of My Community :: Personal Narrative essay about myself

In Search of My Community         While trying to examine how my community has changed economically since the 80s, I found myself pondering what my community really was.  I have had the unfortunate experience to understand how a person can feel as if they dont really belong.  Since I had moved about nine quantify within my life, and I am only eighteen years old, I became stuck, without any ideas of what to write about.  While facing this assignment, I realized that I did non know if I had a place I would consider my community, or even my true home.         In the year of 1984, when I was born, my family lived in Reading, Pennsylvania.  Reading was non an area known for its good economic reputation.  Most of the people in the area could be considered lower-income, middle class individuals.  Our community was composed approximatelyly of milling machinery workers and small business owners.  My father was self-employed at the time, for he owned a retail establishment.  In our neck of the woods, we may have been one of the families that recognizeed the most money per  year.  We lived in a duplex, but even then, we were still considered upper-middle class.  My mother was working nights as a medical technologist, and this was all so she could stay at home with me during the day.  My father never completed his college career, but my mother did.  She needed that degree to pursue her career in the medical field, and to have the potential to earn more pay.         Throughout the 1980s we moved around a lot.  First we moved to change posture Spring, Pennsylvania in 1985, and then we moved to Stafford, Virginia in 1987.  In Sinking Spring we finally owned our own house, and we lived in a wealthier neighborhood than before.  We were now neither the richest, nor the poorest, people on the block.  The rich est people living in the neighborhood worked as engineers, and the poorest were factory workers.  In Virginia, it was about the same as it was in Sinking Spring.  My father was no longer running his own retail establishment, he was now working in the sales and marketing field for a company named AMP.

Women, Words, Writing :: Gender Literature Papers

Women, Words, Writing During my morn commute, I cut myself off from the world roughly me and think. The last thing I see before shutting off generally starts a process of free association that is carried on by memory. For instance, this morning a woman sat beside me, reading The Alchemy of Race and Rights by Patricia Williams. Williams is someone I have heard of and read. I remembered her essay And We Are not Married-a wonderful sample of womens opus. For the rest of the time I traveled by subway, I thought of pieces of writing I have read that, somehow, underpin the tally of their writers gender. Now Im home, at my desk, and I am re-reading the texts I have thought of in the morning, trying to understand why and where I feel the mark of gender. Take, for example, Williamss essay as I go along, I am fascinated by its complexity, by its enormous network-or should I say labyrinth?-of ideas, so huge that the reader can easily get lost, become powerless, and abandon the struggl e. Williams argues, among other things, that the practice of certain forms of rhetoric constitute acts of ideology, that style is never neutral, so that types of writing and behavior are always suffused with political content. One of her primary rhetorical tropes is the telling-and retold-anecdote, which always requires interpretation. With each story she relates, new possible paths appear, and one doesnt know which of them is the even up one the Benetton incident, with its three consecutive versions. Then Tawana Brawley. Maxine Thomas. Mrs. Williams, her mother. Herself. Professor Bell and Geneva Crenshaw. Mr. Williams. Finally, the dream.The stories are presented at length, and commented upon each affirmation is supported-either because of the authors juridical experience or because of her exactness-by footnotes. This makes the boilers suit structure of the essay a bit confusing. For example, the listing of opinions expressed about Maxine Thomas is thorned up by eighteen footno tes. The readers eye has to go back and forth in order to read everything, and going back and forth eighteen times can be very challenging.In addition to that, the dustup is sometimes difficult at times even impenetrable the rhetoric of increased privatization, in response to racial issues, functions as the rationalizing agent of public unaccountability, and, ultimately, irresponsibleness (696). One has to stop reading and figure out what she means, to figure out the idea behind that gathering of legal (and thus certainly esoteric) terms.

Women, Words, Writing :: Gender Literature Papers

Women, Words, Writing During my morning commute, I cut myself off from the solid ground around me and think. The last thing I see before shutting off generally starts a process of free association that is carried on by memory. For instance, this morning a woman sat beside me, meditateing The Alchemy of Race and Rights by Patricia Williams. Williams is someone I have heard of and read. I remembered her essay And We argon Not Married-a wonderful sample of womens writing. For the rest of the time I traveled by subway, I thought of pieces of writing I have read that, somehow, bear the mark of their writers gender. Now Im home, at my desk, and I am re-reading the texts I have thought of in the morning, trying to understand why and where I come up the mark of gender. Take, for example, Williamss essay as I go along, I am fascinated by its complexity, by its huge network-or should I say labyrinth?-of ideas, so huge that the reader can easily get lost, become powerless, and abandon th e struggle. Williams argues, among other things, that the practice of certain forms of rhetoric constitute acts of ideology, that style is never neutral, so that types of writing and behavior are always suffused with political content. One of her primary rhetorical tropes is the telling-and retold-anecdote, which always requires interpretation. With each story she relates, new possible paths appear, and one doesnt have a go at it which of them is the right one the Benetton incident, with its three consecutive versions. Then Tawana Brawley. Maxine Thomas. Mrs. Williams, her mother. Herself. Professor Bell and Geneva Crenshaw. Mr. Williams. Finally, the dream.The stories are presented at length, and commented upon each affirmation is supported-either because of the authors juridical experience or because of her exactness-by footnotes. This makes the overall structure of the essay a bit confusing. For example, the listing of opinions expressed about Maxine Thomas is backed up by eight een footnotes. The readers eye has to go back and forth in order to read everything, and going back and forth eighteen times can be very challenging.In step-up to that, the language is sometimes difficult at times even impenetrable the rhetoric of increased privatization, in response to racial issues, functions as the rationalizing agent of human race unaccountability, and, ultimately, irresponsibility (696). One has to stop reading and figure out what she means, to figure out the idea behind that gathering of legal (and thus certainly esoteric) terms.

Indian Middle Class And Shopping Essay

For the current generation of consumers, the meaning of obtain has changed. It is not just a mere necessity, as it was earlier, but more more than that. The factors that affect store choice and draw customers to the shopping centre include space, ambience, and convenience and moreover an array of choice under one roof. The harvest-home of integrated shopping malls, retail chains and multi-brand outlets is evidence of consumer behaviour being favourable to the growing organized segment of the business. Space, ambience and convenience are fountain to play an important role in drawing customers. Malls, which are now anchored by large outlets such as Westside and Lifestyle and are resided by a lot of Indian and international brands, are also being seen as image benchmarks for communities.Today retailing in India is done through a vast number of unorganized retailers with over 12 million retails outlets spread across the country in various sizes and formats. India has the largest reta il density with 9 stores accessible for every 1000 people. The Indian retail industry is providing 8% of the countries employment with its vast distribution of retail stores across the country. The retailing in India is undergoing a dilatory change as market conditions and technological developments combined with affluent, highly mobile and time starved consumers are playing an important role in the changes misadventure in the retail sector in India.Marketplaces in urban demographic settings attract large number of buyers and sellers, which can be termed as market thickness. Co-existence of many shopping malls along with traditional markets in a marketplace causes market congestion. The co-existence of street markets and the rise of shopping malls have been major trends of retailing in ontogeny countries for decades. However, the increasing emphasis on growing cities with contemporary marketplaces have induced shift of agglomeration format (AF) from a marketing perspective, incl uding the consumer preferences on routes to market. There are virtually generic similarities and conceptual differences between street markets and shopping malls.The AF-specific characteristics perceived by consumers lead to the change in consumer behavior towards markets preferences for shopping. In centrally managed and enclosed shopping centers in the retailing sector, eight underlying factors of varying character that drive customer satisfaction are selection of market outlet, atmosphere, convenience, sales people, refreshments, location, promotional activities and trade policy. FACTORS THAT AFFECT / INFLUENCE CONSUMERS BEHAVIOUR TO BUY IN MALLS. A person is likely to be influenced in fashioning his/ her purchase closings if he/ she is accompanied by another individual while making a shopping trip.There are many factors that play a vital role in consumers decision making. Some of the prominent among the factors are the image of the store, risk associated with the consumers i n purchasing the product and the price perception of consumers on the store or almost the product category. Store image contain by many elements like the stores opening and closing time, the availability. The risk factor plays an important role in making the decisions for the product that are new or untried by the consumers so far. Perceived risk is the expected negative utility associated with the purchase of a specific brand.

Mahmut Sait

Mahmut Sait Arslan 04 January 2013 The Role Of Religion in A Secular Society According to laypersonization theory, as societies become more(prenominal) modernized and rationalized, religion will gradu in ally lose its authority in social animateness and governance(Norris & Inglehart, 2004, p. 4). Modernization did undermined lots of accepted beliefs(Holloway, 2011, para. 7). But, by line of products with blaseization thesis, there is no signifi bay windowt diminution in peoples ghostly demands(Kuru, 2011, p. 4). Appe atomic number 18ntly, non all modernized societies call themselves as secular and not every secular introduce can completely ignore religion.In this work, Im going to inspect secular societies and question how religion can take part in their governance, concerning American, French and Turkish examples. Historically, Americans and French have seperated the church and state for different reasons. The establishment of secular state in America was a result of a compr omise between rationalists and evangelists. These groups have agreed on the secular state for different reasons. Thomas Jefferson, iodine of the Americas Founding Fathers, had foreseen that the secular state would lead to the freedom and triumph of the reason.Oppositely, a famous Evangelist, Isaac Backus had believed that secular state would provide the deal out of the religion(Kuru, 2011, p. 84). Because in Americas early years, none of the Protestant churches could provide the majority that is necessary to be legitimized as the shooticial church. So, as the second outflank choice, they accepted the state to be secular(Kuru, 2011, p. 86). The secularization of the France is rooted in the ideas of Enlightenment. Philosophers of Enlightenment was trying to replace dogmatic values with rational and humanistic ones(Wikipedia, 2009).After the French Revolution, with the abolition of monarchy, the close relation between the French fix and Catholic Church finished. According to Tocqu eville, Christianity was the object of aggression not as a religion however as a political establishment. This was because of the cooperation between the monarch and the Church before the revolution(Kuru, 2011, p. 142). The different reasons led to different results in these countries. From the beginning of the 19th century, evangelists have strenghtened the socio-cultural hegomony of the Protestant college. Casanova, 1994, p. 137) Christianism was, in man sense, accepted as semiofficial religion of the U. S. It was also, accepted as a part of the states civil law(Kuru, 2011, p. 88). Even authoritative Court of U. S have acknowledged the U. S nation as a Christian nation(Kuru, 2011, p. 91). In this period, state was not sluggish against all religions, only when neutral amongst Protestant sects. Up till now, there has been ideological conflicts between rationalists and conservative people about the religion. There have been exclusivist and compromiser interpretations of the secu larism.But generally, it hadnt been understood as hostility against religion. In America, churches are relieved from states effect, wheras in France the state is relieved from the Churchs effect. A radical interpretation of secularism which advocates the seperation of not just state and church, but of all kind of values like moral and human values, is hegemonic in France. In other words, eliminating the religion from public life and confining it with the soul of human. Some people even exceed it to create a religion of humanity(Holloway, 2008, para. 12).But, there have been lots of significant deviations from the political orientation because of Catholic roots of French public and opposing ideological attempts. French government could easily ignore the religious demands of minorities like Muslims and Jewish. But they pay more than attention to the demands of Catholics who form the majority. At the end of the first quarter of the 20th century, Turkey had to quote the Swiss Civil La w because when they tried to make their witness law, commission members couldnt liberate themselves from their religious beliefs(Oguzman & Barlas, 2012, p. 27).But even when quoting they had to make some modifications according to Turkish culture. This was made in the name of being secular and neutral against all beliefs. Putting the history aside, I want to examine the impact of religious law in secular societies law system. Human made laws are inspired by lots of different sources like ethics, religion, philosophy, convenances, other law systems etc. These rules have some commonalities because theyre all aimed to establish the ideal society. Concerning this, secular legislatives should concern every law system and utilize them.For example, marriage is, in religious world, concerned as a religious practice. For secular people this miserly nothing. But, if we take human nature into the account, inexistence of the institution of marriage could be a threat to the mental and physical health of the progenies(Oktem & Turkbag, 1999, p. 209). So, the legislatives may foresee a religious institution like marriage as necessary for secular reasons. The implementation of the secular law in Turkey has caused many problems because there were some rules which were enemy to the belief and perception of majority of the public like prohibiting headscarves.Ordering a believer not to do what they believe is like ordering somebody to jump off a cliff. Because theyre sure that they will be rewarded or punished according to their loyalty to their beliefs. The secularization thesis promise to be neutral against all religions. But applicating the inhibition of a religious obligation to all members of the society equally, is like prohibiting to sleep under the arch of a bridge for both prolific and poor people equally(Kuru, 2011, p. 108). The acceptance of secularism as being neutral, and religiousity as differantiality makes secularists more advantagous.To eliminate unequality, c haos and tension states should pay more attention on public demands and trends. Compared to French and Turkish history, there were less religious related slaughters in American history. Without renouncing secularism, Americans could identify themselves as religious. They used secularism not as a puppet to restrict and transform the public, but to ensure the freedom of different groups within the society. To be able to equal aginst every belief, each belief system should be approached equally.Like Islam or Christianity, secular people should be concerned as believers, believers of secularism. References Age of Enlightenment. (2009). InWikipedia. Retrieved january 4, 2013, from en. wikipedia. org Casanova, J. (1994). Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago The University of Chicago Press. Holloway, D. , (2008). The Secular State and The Oxford Union. Retrieved January 4, 2013, from http//www. church. org. uk/resources/csdetail. asp? csdate=01/02/2008 (2011). A Judge, Secularism , Pluralism and Fundamentalism.Retrieved January 04, 2013, from http//www. church. org. uk/resources/csdetail. asp? csdate=01/03/2011 Kuru, A. (2011). Pasif ve D? slay? c? Laiklik ABD, Fransa ve Turkiye. Istanbul Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay? nlar?. Norris, P. & Inglehart, R. (2004). Sacred and Secular Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York Cambridge University Press. Oguzman, M. K. & Barlas, N. (2012). Medeni Hukuk. Istanbul Vedat Kitapc? l? k. Oktem, N. & Turkbag, A. U. , (1999). Felsefe, Sosyoloji, Hukuk ve Devlet. Istanbul Der Yay? nlar?.

Police Strategies Essay

The topic I chose to research about is which jurisprudence strategy/tactic is most effective in reducing villainy and disorder. there are various forms of policing such as community-oriented policing, problem-oriented policing, hot spots policing, scummy windows theory, and zero-tolerance policing. pig bed is a model of policing that stresses a two-way working relationship in the midst of the community and the police along with the police becoming more integrated into the local community, and citizens assuming an active role in hatred control and prevention. originate is a concept created by Herman Goldstein in which he believes the police should take the categories of crime, order maintenance, and service and break them down into discrete problems and wherefore develop ad hoc responses to each one. Hot spots policing originated from research that revealed crime is extremely concentrated in small areas. The broken windows theory is about how crime problems develop at place , and how police should focus their role to stop crime problems from arising.According to Paul M.Walters, there is a strategy for COP to prevent crime and disorder which is referred to as response to incidents (R2I). R2I requires law enforcement officers to react to crimes or emergency incidents. In order to promote citizen confidence in the police, officers should swiftly suffice to any such incidents and exhibit and maintain control over the situation. R2I also requires officers to respond proactively to crime patterns. This is accomplished through such tactics as directed patrol, targeted identifications, etc.However, if police administrators do not carefully manage the R2I strategy, their departments can quickly be overwhelmed by community demands. In order to manage increased calls for police service, administrators need to monitoring device demand and then research as many creative ways as possible to respond to these calls. There are many ways to respond to calls for assis tance that do not require the immediate dispatching of an officer in a patrol car. Other, little expensive responses may satisfy the request besides as effectively.Another way to better serve jurisdictions using the R2I strategy is to invest in current technology in such areas as communications, information, exercise management and analysis, and transportation which may include automated mug systems, records management and retrieval systems, automated aging systems, and mobile data terminals. Department managers must then use all their resources, both technological and human, in a balanced way that produces not just activity however also results that they can rate against their mission statements.Managing the limited resources of departments to respond effectively to both incidents and calls for service, while producing the greatest advantage for their communities, requires managers to make informed, professional decisions. Foot patrol and Neighborhood lookout programs are two other popular strategies for the effectiveness of COP. A number of evaluations in the 1980s reported that while additional foot patrol did not abridge crime, it did increase feelings of safety. If people are less fearful they might not with decease from the communities, and the process of neighborhood deterioration might not begin.Neighborhood Watch programs impart repeatedly been found to have little impact on crime. Residents who live in areas with more crime, and who live in inner-city minority neighborhoods, have been less willing to participate in Neighborhood Watch programs or any other activities that involve partnership with the police. The effect of whether COP works is hard to presuppose and evidence is very mixed. Its hard to evaluate since its done differently from police department to police department. While a number of questions remain, the afterlife of COP appears bright.According to Paul M.Walters, the heart of the POP lift is the concept that police must be m ore responsive to the causes of crime, rather than merely transaction with the results of crime. Maintaining neighborhood safety can be more beneficial to the community than merely treating isolated neighborhood problems. This approach represents a significant shift in how both the public and the police view the role of law enforcement in the community. Problem-oriented policing is a proactive, decentralized approach to providing police services designed to reduce crime and disorder, and by extension, the fear of crime.Department heads achieve this by assigning officers to specific neighborhoods on a long-term basis. Long-term involvement between the officers and neighborhood residents fosters the exploitation of credible relationships based on mutual trust and cooperation. It also allows a high-level exchange of information between citizens and police officers, as well as mutual input concerning policing priorities and tactics for specific areas of the community.Problem-oriented p olicing also istributes police services more effectively across the community and targets high-crime areas for problem-solving approaches that allow law enforcement to define and good deal with the causes of crime. This helps to neutralize the undue influence of special interest groups that can be the recipients of preferred services when no system of community-based priorities exists. Systematic reviews and meta analysis are a method for determining whether POP reduces crime and disorder. A study was conducted by Weisburg, Telep, Hinkle, and Eck.Whether they used a more conservative mean effect size approach or examined the extensivest effects on crime and disorder reported, they found that POP approaches have a statistically significant effect on the outcomes examined. Importantly, the results are sympathetic whether we look at experimental or nonexperimental studies. The small group of studies in the review allows us to come to a solid conclusion regarding the send for of POP , but it does not allow statistical conclusions regarding the types of approaches that work best for specific types of problems.They think it a major public policy failure that the government and the police have not invested greater effort and resources in identifying the POP approaches and tactics that work best to combat specific types of crime. Moreover, a much larger number of studies are needed to draw strong generalizations regarding the possible effectiveness of POP across different types of jurisdictions and different types of police agencies.The portfolio of available studies does not allow us to draw conclusions about such contextual factors and suggests that U.S. policing has adopted POP widely without an evidence base for deciding where and when it should be used. The central conclusion of our review is that POP as an approach has significant promise to ameliorate crime and disorder problems broadly defined. Hot spots policing is easier to implement than COP and POP. Res earch early on showed it had promise in reducing crime. Its easy to implement as officers are still doing patrol and making arrests. Computerized crime mapping is used in tight every police department that does hot spots policing.Some programs can do statistical analyses to identify hot spots and find trends in crime across time and space. The programs also can have maps updated with the latest data each day. Studies have found that hot spots policing is at least sensibly effective in reducing crime. Its so hard to know what exactly works because many studies also involve elements of POP and other tactics. The broken windows theory is widely viewed as effective in policing circles after it was used in New York City in the 1990s and the city had a large crime drop.There are several suggestions for how police could best prevent crime with the broken windows theory. Police should return to the order maintenance role. Police should not ignore disorder. Police should negotiate consensu s with residents and users of public spaces about what is or is not acceptable in that area. The key is to deal with disorder quickly and not let it untended, and clean it up in areas that have declined. This is hypothesized to prevent fear of crime and maintain social controls in areas such as residents arent afraid to interfere and/or move away from the area.Some studies have found increased complaints against the police with the broken windows theory. In conclusion, the research I obtained about the various police strategies and tactics leads to an important statement. Unfortunately, there is no clear answer. There is fairly mixed and weak research evidence about the impacts of these tactics on crime. COP seems effective in fighting fear of crime and improving police-community relations but not in fighting crime. A report by the subject area Academy reinforces that the most effective strategies and tactics are those that target small locations, take a focused approach, and are highly proactive.

Alexis de Tocqueville Essay

What is Alexis de Tocquevilles assessment of the enunciate of consort relations in the US? What kinds of futures did he predicts for the different pagan groups? Were his predictions accurate?Alexis de Tocqueville was seen as the first real sociologist to appear in the get together States. His studies were ground on the American parliamentary procedure and cultures. He was the first individual that reflects his studies were based on ever soything he had seen in society to show state of escape relations in the U.S conditions of bran-new American world. Tocquevilles book democracy in America in 1830s which he described America as absolute democracy 3. He uses comparative method in order for him to observe, compargon American with Europe, as well as ethnography research achieve an insight of American political system, racial structure on different ethnic groups. Tocquevilles assessment of the state of race relations in the get together States is understand peoples lifestyles e .g. individuals from different ethnicity such as inseparable Americans and African-Americans. However, Tocqueville was writing in the 1830s where hard workerry was abolished in the North but the preoccupation top dogs has non changed 4 majority of albumin individuals has not changed their ideas about slavery so they were very hostile towards African-Americans and Native Americans. Although he argues that north were coldaway more accepting of American-Americans to granted their independence than the south because they etiolatedwash see the abusive race is relegated therefore, increase its rigors as theyre disgusted by the idea of slavery abolishment. Tocqueville leave alone argue that this creates unsettled environment in the United States. In this essay, I impart be arguing, Tocquevilles perspectives, opinions and predications on the United States to see if it was/is accurate, or one-sided. This will be done in a comparative, coherent argument to analyse argument comp bed with the current modern-day affairs of the United States. The purpose of this essay to use contemporary information to compare and contrast the current situations of two African-Americans and Native American in the United State to sees state of race relations, ethnic groups is still the same, has there been improvement or deterioration since Tocquevilles writing period.Tocqueville believes that democracy could be the main think of state of race relations in American because it builds on the idea of racial differentiations. He believes that Democracy views other races assubstandard. This will then sacrifice the ideas of the oppressions and segregation of ethnic groups like the Native Americans and African-Americans because according to white individuals they had no rights, no freedom and opinion in society. It creates a division between races, constructs racial hierarchy leads to ethnic minority groups like Native Americans and African-Americans bottom of the racial hierarch y. Consequently, Tocqueville views on state of race relations as apprehensive but, yet he believes that the white man, European man race is excellence, below him appear the Negro and the Indian 4.Tocqueville supports the idea that some races such as European races were at the top because they were superior, has highly intellectual skills. While, other races like, Native Americans and African-Americans viewed as inferior because he believes that they had lower intellectual skills. Because of this Tocqueville is biased, because, he, himself is part of the white European race which makes superior. Although, he send words that democracy destroys the mind sets of ethnic minorities which makes individuals forgets about their ancestors African-Americans and their descendants Native-Americans so, leads to ethnic groups who does not have any identity/identities.He argues that this is what is happening in America in terms state of race relations because the white individuals has manipulated, corrupted the minds of other ethnic groups. During, the Tocqueville writing period Native Americans were seen as savages and African-Americans were seen as properties, in hard labour. He argues that both race groups were seen as dispute, dispossessions, and considered as inhuman. Ethnic groups were viewed as part of the animal kingdom he believes the reason why they were treated like an animals. For instance he describes the Europeans as the top man of other races is to make them animals? White Europeans serve his purpose and when he cannot bend them he destroys them In other words, Tocqueville implies that possibly no-one from white race will ever sympathises with the two ethnic races, so it was acceptable for any white individual to do whatever they in ten dollar billded to do with native Americans and African-Americans because their race, their lives were seen as irrelevant, unimportant donjon in the land of America. Both ethnic minority groups did not have any rights or equal ities like the white individuals did. Tocqueville see Native Americans and African-Americans (slaves) are affiliated to democracy because they were both socially excluded part ofdemocracy side of society. Tocqueville argues that opinions like this then leads to democracy being based on the idea slavery of African-Americans cover it as satisfactory. Democracy subsidises the idea of racial segregation, racial superiority and divisions of races which he suggests could be a great danger to society.In addition, Tocqueville saw the state of race relations against Native Americans was overwrought, they had an instinctive love of their native country attaches them to the soil that has seen them born and they now find nothing there but misery and finish. (4). In other words, Tocqueville believed that their homeland is now occupied by the white individuals until the end of their lives or, perhaps, the inevitable destruction of the Native Americans. For the reason that the idea of westward amplification meant that Native Americans had been forced to move somewhere else move out they go to inhabit new wilderness, where the whites will hardly leave them in peace for ten years 4.Tocqueville supports the idea that Native Americans inhabited North America well before the white Europeans did, they lived by their own tribal customs, norms, values, religious beliefs and laws. However, Native Americans are now seen as dispossessed through the formalities of the law it is impossible to destroy men with more respect for the laws of humanity 4. Tocqueville argues that the government will not grant them their own enjoyment of Native-American leaving in freedom so they had no elite but to possess this crucial primarily for lifestyle of civilisation. This could be one of the reasons of their segregation in American- they chose not to be civilised because they had planned on keeping their own cultures, customs and traditions. Native Americans repels civilisation perhaps little in h atred of it than in fear of resembling the European 4. Although, Tocqueville implies that it is challenging for Native- Americans to acquire it- this could be because they are not used to white cultures perhaps see white customs and lifestyles as dishonour, perhaps evil this could be the reason why native Americans did not accept civilisation or seen as part of the race relations. Even if they did accept civilisation there will be prejudices against Natives American which will prevent them from becoming civilised which then obliges them to it. In contrast, Tocqueville suggests that Native Americans still had someacknowledge their identities cultures compared to other races such as African-Americans because America is their homeland therefore native Americans will do anything but to be assimilated perhaps so they can their sense of pride, and dignity.Furthermore, Tocqueville juxtaposes the view of African-Americans in terms of state of race relations compared to his views on Native A mericans. He believes that African-Americans had lost all their sense of cultures, traditions, identities and individualism because the habit of servitude has given him the thoughts and ambitions of slave..African Americans had no longer understands the language that his fore fathers spokecreasing to belong to Africa. Tocqueville argues that it will very challenging for African American to regain their cultures and identities because they are now trapped between two societies being divided from their homeland means that they have nothing to gain in American society. Tocqueville emphasises that African-Americans knowledge has not developed properly therefore, they cannot think of anything more of themselves than to view themselves as a slave. Even when they are freed or grant their own freedom African-Americans will themselves as below the white Europeans/Americans because it what they have been taught, or perhaps they had little knowledge of civilisation which will lead to still re spects them rather than despising against them .Tocqueville suggest that even if African-Americans are freed they will still face prejudices- deep racism which they will have to face in on daily basis with jobs, educations. Tocqueville questions their freedom because they are still oppressed and segregated from society just like other ethnic minority groups because even though it might be extralegal to enslave African-Americans there are still white individuals who has reinforced ideas that you cannot abolished.Tocquevilles predictions for ethnic minority groups is that they will still face three main prejudices which will be more intangible, more tenacious than before the abolishment of slavery. This will be the prejudice of the master, the prejudice of race and the finally the prejudice of the white individuals. He argues that it will difficult for white individuals to accept ethnic minorities groups, even though, the law has changed their mindsets have not changed. He believes t hat it is not the interests of African-Americans but the interest of the white individuals for the reason why slavery has been destroyed in the United States. Although, Tocqueville believe that in the future black and white will mix creating an inter-racial society however, this will still leads to unsettled tensions in America because the future of white individual in American especially south of America is connected to narrow-minded whites slave owners who will see freedom of African-Americans slaves as outnumbered.On the other hand, to contradict Tocqueville predications about ethnic groups. Native Americans one could say in contemporary unfastened States Natives Americans have become more civilised as well as trying to keep their own traditions and customs. Plus, Native Americans are more accepted, and respected by the white Americans than they did in Tocquevilles writing period. They now have their own freedom, independence and laws to support them against any racial prejudices for instance the National Indian youth Council was formed in the early in 1961 which consists of sixty tribes, who formed their own treaty rights in disputed waters and territories, stand up for their rights such as the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act 1990. Some Native Americans are even known as Red power which is a new language that set ethnic minorities apart and against the undifferentiated white America. 1 However, to support Tocqueville is predictions of Native Americans it seems that even in the contemporary society they are still been viewed as savages standing in the way of civilisation.1 As well as the Native Americans in post-modern society are being more extinct than before.This proves that Tocqueville is predictions were perhaps accurate because Native Americans are still not accepted by the American society. African-Americans are still being seen as inferior to white races such as the Ku Klux Klan who were perhaps are the most extreme methods to prevent black and white desegregation and integration.1 This proves that Tocqueville predictions on African-American could have been accurate with the integration of black and white could cause some institutionalized segregation in the American society. In opposition Tocquevilles predictions on African-Americans it seem that African-Americans in the contemporary United States has had importancecontributions to the American society and rest of the world with highly respected significant Black attracters such as Civil Rights main leader Martin Luther-King 2 who fights for his rights, equalities of other black Americans so that will see treated and respected in the same way as white American. Tocqueville predictions of African-American could be far from accurate as the current president of America who is African-American, Barack Obama who rules over the whole United States shows that African-American has now their own identities, well-educated and potentially the white ruff job of t he American society.Overall, it seems that Tocquevilles writings and ideas on race relations on ethnic groups is still being used today to show how far ethnic minority groups have improved within society even though there might be still some discrimination against them however, society has integrated with Native-Americans and African-Americans than in Tocquevilles period.References1. Bayor, R(2003),Race and Ethnicty in America, United States, Columbia University Press, 7-206 2. Kessing, R (1970), Race Relations in the USA 1954-63, Kessings Publications Limited, America255 3. Nimtz A, (2003),The Absolute Democracy or Defiled Republic , Lexington Books,cover 4. Mansfield H, Winthrop, D 1830 2000, Some Considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory of United States, in Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, University of Chicago press, United states, 308-348

Introduction Hacienda Luisita

Introduction Hacienda Luisita was once part of the holdings of Compania global de Tabacos de Filipinas, Sociedad Anonima, better known as Tabacalera, which was founded on November 26, 1881 by a Spaniard from Santander, Cantabria and Santiago de Cuba, cod Antonio Lopez y Lopez. He was the first Marques de Comillas and was famous for being an associate of the first Spanish Prime Minister with foreign blood, the Spanish-Filipino mestizo Don Marcelo Azcarraga y Palmero.His relative on his Spanish side, Ricardo Padilla, married Gloria Zobel y Montojo (younger half sister of Mercedes Zobel de Ayala de McMicking, largest Zobel owner in the Ayala group of companies) and was an aide-de-camp of Juan de Borbon, Count of Barcelona, father of the contemporary power of Spain, His Majesty DonJuan Carlos de todos los Santos de Borbon y Borbon-Dos Sicilias. The estate was named after Antonios wife, Luisa Bru y Lassus.Their son, Claudio Lopez, the succor to hold the title , donated some of the pr ofits to the Jesuits to create the Pontifical University of Comillas, a university remote Madrid. Lopez acquired the estate in 1882, a year before his death. Lopez was a financial genius who parlayed his work adventures in Cuba and Latin America into a steamship, companies and trading businesses. He was the most influential Spanish businessman of his generation and counted the Prime Minister and the King of Spain as his personal friends.Tabacalera was a private enterprise he founded with the bushel intention of taking over the Philippine Tobacco Monopoly from the Spanish colonial judicature. This included the Hacienda Antonio (named after his eldest son), Hacienda San Fernando and Hacienda Isabel (named after his eldest daughter) in Cagayan and Isabela provinces where the legendary La Flor de Isabela cigar was cultivated. Tabacaleras incorporators were the Sociedad General de Credito Inmobiliario Espanol, Banque de Paris which is now Paribas and Bank of the Netherlands which is n ow ABN-AMRO.The cabbage and tobacco in the Philippines were the reason why the Lopez de Comillas family were able to donate such a huge pontifical university to the Jesuits on top of lavishing on their home, the Palacio de Sobrellano in Comillas and the Guell park (designed by Gaudi) in Barcelona. Don Alfonso Guell y Martos born in 1958, the fourth marquis of Comillas, currently holds the title. He is also the Count of San Pedro de Ruisenada, the third to hold that title. both are grandee status in Spain and as such can address the King as mi primo or my cousin.Contrary to what was expected, Spanish-owned Hacienda Luisita did not languish when the Americans took full control of the Philippine government. In fact, Tabacalera as a whole see prosperous times because of the legendary sweet tooth of the Americans. With Cuban cultivated cabbage not enough for their domestic market, the Americans tapped the Philippines for its startcane requirements. At one point during pre-war manil a times, Hacienda Luisita supplied about 20% of all sugar in the United States.Luisita sugar became popular among Filipino (specifically Ilocano) expatriates in America just as much as Victorias sugar was popular among Manilas elite circles rump home. The Americans also brought the centrifugal-based machinery which doubled the production of the estate and therefore did not require the cane to be ludicrous by truck to Laguna to be squeezed in the haciendas there, including those of the Roxas y Zobel families. As this new technology swept in Luzon and the sugar mills consolidated, m all laden families fell into foreclosure or combined their resources.Some of the brave fewer like Honorio Ventura (who paid for Diosdado Macapagals schooling), the De Leons, Urquicos, Lazatins and the Gonzalezes did just that which is how PASUDECO came into being. Structurally, there was little change in the hacienda Tabacalera y Compania positionedSpanish-Filipino and American-Filipino encargados and administradores to manage the vast estate. Like all haciendas and tabacaleras in the Philippines, the Hacienda Luisita continued to operate during the Japanese occupation.The Japanese were bent on ensuring that commodities such as sugar and sift be made available to the majority of the Filipinos, therefore avoiding any tempers of additional insurgencies and guerilla movements. The Spanish-Filipino administrators simply placed their subordinates, Japanese journeymen (who, like many impoverished Chinese immigrants from Fujian fled south to the Philippines for a better life) and Korean stevedores working as machinists in the centrifugal system, to the helm.This kept both the Japanese and the Spanish in good ground as both their interests were protected. As a matter of fact, even before World War II, the Tabacalera had in their payroll a good number of Japanese migrant workers doing odd jobs around Hacienda Luisita. (Before 1942, the Philippines was a first class colony in Asia seas on Hong Kong and Singapore were poor cities Tokyo and Japan as a whole was relatively meand from the outside world wherefore).When the Japanese Imperial Army marched into the country, these lowly migrant workers became valuable translators and managers. In conjunction with re-taking the Philippines from the Japanese, on January 25, 1945 General Douglas MacArthur moved his advanced headquarters forward to Hacienda Luisita. In the 1950s, the onset of the Hukbalahap rebellion led the Spanish owners of Tabacalera to sell Hacienda Luisita and the sugar mill Central Azucarera de Tarlac.Ramon Magsaysay, then electric chair of the Philippines, blocked the sale of the plantation to the eager and wealthy Lopezes of Iloilo. During those times the blood brothers Fernando Lopez and Eugenio Lopez as well as their cousins were one of the wealthiest in all of the Visayas Islands, save for a few Chinese Filipino families in Cebu and Leyte, as well as the Familias Aliadas de Villegas, Teves, Lope z, y Rodriguez (a family with origins from Santander, Galicia, & Asturias as well as China Teves).Fearing the Lopezes might become too decent after already owning Meralco, Negros Navigation, Manila Chronicle, ABS-CBN, various haciendas in Western Visayas and then the nearby PASUMIL consortium in del Carmen, Pampanga that they purchased from the Americans, the President offered the property to Jose Cojuangco, nicknamed Pepe finished Magsaysay protege and Cojuangcos son-in-law, Benigno Aquino. Magsaysay also knew the Cojuangcos through his wife, Luz, of the prosperous Banzons, an old Chinese Filipino family. Unfortunately, President Ramon Magsaysay died in Mount Manunggal, Cebu in 1957.The sale was consummated in President Carlos P. Garcias term, a close ally of then Senator Ferdinand Marcos and five years from the day President Magsaysay offered the land. The Jose Cojuangcos were wealthy in land and bank holdings and in Philippine pesos. They were not wealthy in United States doll ars which was closely regulated then by the Philippine Central Bank. In fact, Pepe and his wife Metring were not able to send Pepes younger brother Eduardo Sr. (Danding Cojuangcos father) to the United States for treatment for the mere fact that they could not exchange their pesos to dollars.Eduardo Sr or Endeng Lalake later died of kidney failure. The Jose Cojuangcos acquired the property in 1958 through a loan from the Government Service Insurance System and a dollar loan from the Manufacturers Trust Company of New York, which was guaranteed by the Central Bank of the Philippines, with take on from Miguel Cuaderno, its governor. Pepe also reduced his stake in the Paniqui Sugar Mills, though he and his cousins still managed it on behalf of his aunt, Ysidra Cojuangco, the matriarch. Hacienda Luisita was the largest investment he ever made.With the ink barely dry, he appointed not his eldest son Pedro but his son-in-law Benigno Aquino Jr as administrator. Pepe and Ninoy introduced a n almost social welfare state free medicines and check up, scholarships to colleges, free education, free fodder and equitable shares to the harvest, free child care and nutrition, free burials, a village with housing earmarked for the farmers, even free gasoline to the tractoras. Like the Paniqui Sugar Mills, not a single workers strike was instigated during their administration.Pepe barely made any money from the Hacienda Luisita. Understanding that the value of the Luisita is in the farmers who till it, he chose to rehabilitate the Filipinos who before were almost slaves chthonic the Tabacalera. He was able to sustain these losses due in part of his other more money making investments in the Bank of Commerce and maiden Manila Management which owned the Pantranco buses and the Mantrade group. As Ferdinand Marcos was elected for a second term in 1969, the reverse happened to Pepe.At Bank of Commerce, where he and his brother Juan Itoy Cojuangco and nephews Ramon Cojuangco(later of PLDT son of relative Antonio Cojuangco Sr) and Danding Cojuangco (eldest son of deceased brother Eduardo Cojuangco Sr) each owned equitable stakes, the last three factions planned a coup d etat by toppling him from the organization of the said bank. The three did not want Pedro (Pepes first born) to be bank president which was against the aging Pepes wishes. To avoid a scandal, Pepe Cojuangco sold his stay shares in Bank of Commerce, almost equal to 28%, to his relatives.Thus Pepe lost his one of eventually three lifelines in nurturing the Hacienda Luisita. As the 1970s crept in and promptly after Benigno Aquino Jr imprisonment on false charges, Pepes business empire began to wane. He was unable to purchase new machines and new technology for the aging sugar mill that stands in the nitty-gritty of the estate because of the governments refusal to Pantrancos appeals for higher charges as compared to its competitors who have since been permitted so.Business critics believed it wa s Marcoss way of pressuring Pepe to influence his son-in-law from fight him and his wife, First Lady Imelda Marcos(who recently built the Cultural Center of the Philippines and whom Ninoy labeled as the new Evita Peron). His close business associate in First Manila Management of the Pantranco / Nissan Philippines / Mantrade fame, Manuel Lopa, died in 1974.With his death, the FMMC-Mantrade companies lost their immunity from the Marcoses (Manuel was a close personal friend of Speaker Daniel Romualdez, Imeldas uncle). Ambassador Benjamin Romualdez, brother of Imelda, then coerced Pepe and his son-in-law, Ricardo Baby Lopa (Manuels son) into selling the collection of 38 companies under First Manila Management to him. Baby and his wife Teresita Cojuangco, together with Pepe and the rest of the Lopa heirs, had no choice but to sell. The second lifeline disappeared with this extortion.In 1976, First United Bank, the banking concern Pepe built on his own after his ouster from the family ow ned Bank of Commerce which he save from bankruptcy decades ago, was sold for an amicable amount to his nephew, Danding Cojuangco, who was then close to President Marcos, with both mothers being Ilocanas notwithstanding. The poorest branch of the Cojuangcos, the Eduardo branch, has become the richest through the sheer genius of Danding. though this third lifeline disappeared in good terms, the Jose Cojuangcos were left with nothing but a half-rehabilitated and barely earningwhite elephant of a hacienda.Practically all of his farm workers mourned his death. Many fill his funeral Mass to see him off. Pepe Cojuangco died on August 21, 1976, five years from the day of the heart and soul Miranda bombing. His wife, Demetria Sumulong-Cojuangco, died due to colon cancer (the same disease that killed daughter Cory Aquino). Both died disappointed and broken-hearted. Their children and grandchildren zealously took key positions in the holding company to save the hacienda from the creditors, all of whom wanted to slice Luisita away save for Chinabank of Binondo, who defied the anger of President and Mrs.Marcos by continuing to help them. Chinabank was partly owned by the Dee, Sycip and Lim families. With Ninoy and his wife Cory Aquino in exile in Boston, the remaining children took drastic steps in ensuring that the hacienda continued to comprise and operate. To maximize the productivity of sugar and therefore profitability, a certain level of economy must be reached. Thus the Jose Cojuangcos tried their best to keep the Luisita in one piece. They refurbished and re-used old 1950s era farm machines and tools, doubled capacity production maintained low expenses.There were a lot of reasons why Luisita remained in Cojuangco hands. One, it helped that Danding Cojuangco was the de facto kingpin of Tarlac and his kind mother Josephine Murphy Cojuangco was still cordial to them. For Marcos to touch Hacienda Luisita he also would have to force agrarian Reform into the Ysidra C ojuangco haciendas which were under the management of Danding Cojuangco. Thus, many haciendas around Luisita were hacked to smaller pieces such as those of the De Leonsdisambiguation needed ,Escalers, Urquicos, Arrastrias, Quiasons and Gonzalezesdisambiguation needed but not those of the Cojuangco.Two, it helped that the price of sugar spiraled so high because of President Marcos and Roberto Benedicto manipulating the sugar prices primarily in Negros Occidental. Third, Ninoy Aquino was not in the Philippines lambasting President Marcos in the underground movements. For as long as the Marcoses heard less of Pepes son-in-law, the less government pressure there was on the Jose Cojuangcos. Most importantly, it helped that most of the farm workers who remember Pepe understood the frugality measures his children had to implement.On Pepes death anniversary and that of the bombing of Plaza Miranda, Ninoy Aquino was gunned down in broad daylight, August 21, 1983. Upon the installation of h is wife, Cory, Pepes daughter, the property was folded into the Hacienda Luisita Incorporated established on August 23, 1988. 1 In compliance with the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program which at this time around did not exempt anyone whether or not they were close to President Marcos before, nearly 5,000 hectares of Hacienda Luisita were placed under astock scattering agreement between the landowners and farm workers.President Aquino wanted to make sure that all farmers rights are recognized. If the farmers agreed for a stock distribution agreement then the plantations would also remain intact. Many haciendas, including those assembled by Ysidra Cojuangco a century before, did not qualify or the farm hands there refused the offer. Thus, the majority of all Cojuangco lands disappeared while a Cojuangco was President of the Philippines. This caused a silent rift within the Cojuangco clan.All the lands where sugarcane and molasses were derived to feed the Paniqui Sugar Mills were h ocked to appease the government program and those of the fierce farm workers. Hacienda Luisita was saved by the perseverance of Corys siblings and the fact that most of the farm workers signed the agreement, counting that one day the life in Hacienda Luisita would be just as good as the time when Pepe and Ninoy used to managed it. However, development and new technology did not arrive in Cory Aquinos term. She barred any relative from starting any new businesses.Furthermore, she forbade many among her siblings and cousins from retaking the family businesses lost in the 1970s unless it was sold back to them (as with the case between Romualdez selling back First Manila Management to the Lopa clan) or was awarded to them by the PCGG or Presidential Commission on Good Government. The old sugar mill in the middle of Luisita remained rickety and with holes in its roofs. After 1992, Cory Aquino stepped down from the Philippine presidency. That was also the time that elder brother Pedro Pe te and sons Melecio Mel and Fernando Nando entered the hacienda hoping to make it profitable.Mindful of the farm workers, they instituted very slowly the fiscal reforms to achieve this goal. This partly explains why every year from 1988 until 2008 the Hacienda Luisita and itsCentral Azucarera de Tarlac posted hundreds of millions of losses. Only in 2009, buoyed by the huge demand for sugar and the unpredicted fluctuating prices of Brazilian sugar, did the family corporation post a profit. The various siblings stopped contributing money from their own non-hacienda corporations for the benefit of Pepes hacienda, which was a huge sigh of relief for them.On the other hand, the management style of the Pedro Cojuangcos lacked the charisma of the deceased Ninoy. His United States educated children, Mel and Nando, continue to strive to placate the needs of the farmers while balancing the budget. Sadly, when profit arrived so did the workers strikes. The unrest was blamed on the allies of cu rrent President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo who were shocked to see Cory Aquino joining anti-Arroyo rallies. Some blamed Danding Cojuangco since owning the hacienda would complement San Miguel and Ginebras ethyl, molasses and sugar needs. This was refuted by Danding himself and his cousins believe in him.In 2005, the Department of Agrarian Reform canceled the stock distribution agreement, citing that it had failed to improve the lives of more than 5 000 farmer beneficiaries. Hacienda Luisita Incorporated appealed this decision, but in May 2006, the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council rejected with finality the motion of Hacienda Luisita Incorporated to reconsider the revocation of the stock distribution agreement. However, the Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order, stopping the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council from parceling out the land to the workers.

To Whom So Ever It May Concern

About six months ago, I devoted a considerable amount of my time searching the internet for an appropriate graduate school where I could utilize and advance my knowledge as well as achieve my primary goal to work in the areas of graphic and web designing.I narrowed my natural selections to four graduate schools, namely, Dakota State University, Montana Tech, University of Missouri Kansas City, and University of California, San Diego Extension or UCSD. After further research my final choice was the Digital humanistic discipline Center at the UCSD. I was convinced and impressed after talking to friends, alumni and after reviewing available material about the Digital Arts Center that I had made the right choice.I will definitely recommend this School to anyone aspiring to make a career in the Digital Arts. learning Technology enables improved decision-making and information sharing, provides access to resources previously unavailable to business, facilitates learner-centered instruc tional organizations, makes possible new kinds of learning for students, and creates new professional development.In my opinion the happiest person is that person who works in a job that interests him or her. I like to learn new skills and acquiring up to date information, because they can help me to admit to a fast-changing world, enrich my experiences, explore my interest, and give me higher self-esteem.I believe in the maxim that education is a constant pursuit, and that educated persons devotes their entire life to the pursuance for knowledge. At present I am workings as an aircraft charter Coordinator and dispatcher for a private Jet firm. For the past few years I have been preparing marketing material for my company using Adobe Photoshop and this has brought to the surface my latent talent and desire to work in this fascinating field.My competence in this field has won me numerous accolades from my employers. I am very good at computers and have an innate talent for graspi ng the nuances of computer hardware and software. My intention is to change my career to graphic and web designing.A visit to your fascinating web site reveals that the courses of particular interest to me, on offer are, first, digital design and communication, which involves the working with illustrations, photography, publications, etc. This course will help me to develop comprehensive presentation skills. Second, web design and production, this course enables one to create professional level projects.Third, multimedia system production, this course makes one an expert in special effects, etc.(digital arts center, n.d). The well-qualified and experienced faculty, excellent laboratory facilities, exceptional research work and the inspiration given to students would provide me with an ideal platform for achieving my goals.I look upon the courses offered by you as avenues to achieve my objective. I assure you that I would keep up my diligence and good behaviour during the course. I hope you find my purpose definitive and that I satisfy your requirements in respect of a promising student. I am eagerly spirit forward to prove my capability in your esteemed institution.References.Digital arts center. UCSD Extension. n.d. Retrieved from http//dac.ucsd.edu/index2.htm

Democracy and Best Form

1. majority rule represents the views and notions of all(a) the citizens of the unpolished, whether majorities or minorities.2. It helps in solving conflicts and quarrels in a better way.3. It provides a dignity to the raft.4. It helps in realising ones mistakes and improving upon them.5. There is no otherwise variation of government or an lternative better than a res publica. Yes republic is the surpass form of government.Democracy is the best form of government simply because no other form of government is known to work well. Democracy whitethorn devote its flaws but all in all it works very fluidly. communism, for example, does not even come close to the best form of government. One great deal easily see this in Greeces current state. Democracy has never led to complete government disorder like one fundament see Socialism does. DEMOCRACY is the best form of govt.Yes commonwealth is the best form of govt. It grants us m or so(prenominal) things. 1.Right to pitch. 2. Right to information. 3.Right to vote and etceteraIt represents each and every citizen equally whether you be poor or you atomic number 18 rich. In a monarchy or dictatorship no one can say or present their point of view. They have to follow what a single man says but in land we have been granted by RIGHT TO SPEECH. Democracy is the best form of governmentAs democracy means rule of the great unwashed That is of the nation for the battalion and by the tidy sum. Democracy is a form of government in which all suitable citizens participate equallyeither directly or done pick forbiddened representatives. 1. Democracy represents the views and notions of all the citizens of the hoidenish, whether majorities or minorities. 2. It helps in solving conflicts and quarrels in a better way. 3. It provides a dignity to the slew.4. It helps in realising ones mistakes and improving upon them. 5. There is no other form of government or an alternative better than a democracy. democracy i s the best form of governmentDemocratic states nearly always have large-mindedr pile than autocratic states. They obviously have the right to vote for their government so by extension deciding the policy of their republic and what their nation should be like. They have more exemption of speech and expression than in autocracies. In particular they argon free to criticize their own government. Democracy is the best form of governmentAs democracy means rule of people That is of the people for the people and by the people. Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equallyeither directly or through elected representatives. Democracy is the best form of government simply because no other form of government is known to work well. Democracy may have its flaws but all in all it works very fluidly. Some plus points of having a democratic form of government- 1. Freedom2. Democracy represents the views and notions of all the citizens of the pastoral, wh ether majorities or minorities. 3. It helps in solving conflicts and quarrels in a better way. 4. It provides a dignity to the people.5. Democracy allows various people to rule the country through the representatives. 6. It in any case allows people to express themselves clearly and freely. 7. It Respects & promotes Human Rights 8. In this form of government all people are equal before the law. 9. Democracy is the further form of government where the people can voice their opinion. 10. In my view there is no other alternative form of government better than a democracy.Freedom for peopleDemocracy allows various people to rule the country through the representatives . It allows people to express themselves clearly and freely. People and media criticize the ruling party without any censorship strange autocracy where there is a limit on peoples power of speech. People have the right to protest,celebrate and freely express themselves .I am currently doing a regard on this topic, and I do agree with this question because a democratic government represents the people. It gives the people an equal say by voting for different properties of the nation/state in which they live. No other form of government has been proven better. Democracy represents allWell, we all know the best form of government where every assembly gets it equal representation and equal chance of winning is democracy. Every citizen has the right to vote on their own. It gives complete freedom of expressing ones feeling on who would they want to be governed by. In the end nobody wants to be enslaved.In the end everyone wants to have control over their own life. As long as people arent robots, they will petition democracy and freedom, as they should. It is also true the Democracies tend to do better because some of the people in it will seek to advance themselves and that will fall out to innovation and growth. You dont get the same effect with other countries where thinking for yourself is some meters punishable by death. Fundamental characteristics of democracySeparation of powers The legislative, executive and the judiciary operate independently without any interference of one of the others Rule of law Every one is equal in the eye of the law.As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Freedom and liberty in Democratic form of GovernmentDemocracy is the only form of government where the people can voice their opinions, whereas in other forms of government such as Monarchy, the law making is rested in the hands of the king who is considered most superior.In democracy we have the freedom to reside in any town or village of the country, have the freedom to select occupation of choice, raise voices, organize protests and rallies, etc. Thus Democracy is the best form of government and can be applied to all the spheres of life. Yes democracy is bestDemocracy is a form of govt. in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in d ecisions that effect their lives. Democracy allows eligible citizens to participate equally either directly or through elected representatives in the proposal, development, and creation of laws.Democracy by definition is a political system in which supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. Yes it is the best form of governmentAs democracy means rule of people That is of the people for the people and by the people. Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows eligible citizens to participate equallyeither directly or through elected representativesin the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination.Yes it is Democracy is the best form of government because it is for the people by the people with the people. In this form of government people elect their own representatives through voting or elections. In this government if people are not happy with the government they can remove it from power by not voting them in the next elections.Support peoples rights In a democratic country a person is respective. In a democratic country like India, our govt. Has provided fundamental rights. But in a non-democratic country no basic rules are provided. We can move freely in our country or a person can express his or her opinion. We can change our govt when it doesnt work.Support people rights In a democratic country a person is respective. In a democratic country like India, our govt. has provided fundamental rights. But in a non-democratic country no basic rules are provided. We can move freely in our country or a person can express his or her opinion. We can change our govt when it doesnt work.Yes it is I am currently doing a debate on this topic, and I do agree with this question because a democratic government represents the people. It gives the people and equal say by voting for different properties of the nation/state in which they live. No other form of government has been proven better and its gives freedom to the people but with boundaries. So therefore, democracy is the best form of government Represents the peopleThe biggest virtue of Democracy is that it is government by the people for the people. The government represents the views of the people who elect them and can throw them out if the government does things that the people do not like. Unlike other forms of government democracy is about the little man, everyone rather than the elite group that are often disconnected from how everyone else lives their lives. i think democracy is niceYes I feel that it is because it allows us the freedom to choose. The majority of our country is allowed to choose what they feel is best for them. It is not reasonable one person deciding what they think is best for everyone else. Democracy will always win out over other forms of government.Yes democracy is the best form of government. Democracy is the best form of government simply because no other form of government is known to work well. Democracy may have its flaws but all in all it works very fluidly. Socialism, for example, does not even come close to the best form of government. One can easily see this in Greeces current state. Democracy has never led to complete government disorder like one can see Socialism does.Best Option overall If we cant elect who we want the what kind of world are we. I now sometimes democracies can be corrupt but so can monarchies. If the people do not like their king then you have to fight a war to kick him out of power. So democracy is best Democracy represents unity1. Democracy shows to the citizens that the government cares about them and their opinons.2. The citizens voices and opinions can be heard3. It gives us the right to vote and the right of knowledge4. It promotes equality to th e rich AND poor5. It gives others the chance to belong president or prime minister, or such. In a monarchy, it is simply passed down through generations to come. Oh yes alwaysYes it is The very clichd definition of a democracy- it is of the people for the people and by the people. This means that it functions not only for the people but also for their benefits as the people are the rulers and they can understand each others necessities. Also in the other forms of government whether it be anarchy or monarchy, people are coerced with laws and rules they may not want to follow but just have to raw with it which created anger and disharmony for instance in the case of Syria rebellion. There is also no constitution which guarantees the people certain human rights and they cannot even use it as a living document. Thus it is somewhat not a good form of government. However in democracy one can voice out their own opinions and views as it guarantees freedom of speech, action an the list go es on . Thus democracy is the best form of governmentYes I do Its really fair, and in that way, your voices are heard) Everybody in countries like America and Australia are happy, because there is a democracy, and they get a vote.Also, the votes of the minority are counted too, and people are free to do anything. Other forms of government arent that productive, while democracy is. I have no headingDemocracy is the best form of government. People want freedom, and withdemocracy, thats what theyll get. This government respects people and their rights. It also promotes them. It is based off of the discussions and opinions of the people. It is important that the people can control the government. An autocratic government could create laws that have nothing to do with the current mooring that the country is in and the citizens wouldnt be able to do anything about it.Yes it isThe best form of the government because it is according to the nature of the man.A man wants to be free and want to express his thoughts what democracy provides.Unlike monarchy or anarchy system which are against the nature of a man and according to that systems a man become just like a slave who have to follow the orders of the KING or QUEEN.One of the BestDemocracy can be called the best form but legato it is far better than the other forms of the government. Every one has the right to express himself, people have right of freedom in various sense. Anyone would like to be free and this is what provided by the democracy. Democracy is the bestIn some places, people believe that is not the best. However it is the best because the government cannot do whatever, they still have to follow some laws, and almost everything is voted on. Whenever a vote is taken it is won by majority rules, so the public has a say in everything that goes on with the government. Obviously it isWith a Democracy we can elect people who have similar views as us instead of trusting a king or queen. Yes their are flaws in Democracy but no government is perfect. At least with democracy we have a way to express our thoughts by peaceful protests because, in other countries its against the law to protest.Yes, best form Democracy as defined, is Govt of the People For the People By the People. So its for the people who are given all the rights to choose their leaders, enthral freedoms as of Expression, Religion, Movement, holding their leaders accountable for the decisions they make on their behalf in governance etc. Its simply the best form of govt because in monarchy and other types of govt the hoi polloi dont enjoy such privileges.Best form of government Nowadays, there is no ideology with any political party. A majority of the political leaders in our country have become corrupt and selfish. They never care the fact that they are the representatives of the public and they have some duties towards them. Once elected, they forget their promises, which they make at the time of election. Yes it isBecause we get the right to choose the government of our own choice we can do everything . A democratic country is a well developed

Essay on Sports Sponsorship

The main reason for companies to invest into professional sports is because many minds of sports have a certain desirable image or the athlete / player is an idol for the people. The identification with the athletes / players is strong, they are bureau models for the spectators and younger generations. The Investors hope that when people see the athlete they also think of the product features and vice versa. later(prenominal) If the target group goes into a shop, they see the product and remember the connection. Maybe they even buy the product.It is really important that the image of the product and the image of the athlete correspond to each other. Therefore, it is impossible in Germany that a football player would promote red lipstick. If a company needs a new or better image for itself or for a product, they often helper a sports club or an athlete. The German company Siemens sponsors Real Madrid because Real Madrass team Is supposed to be modern and magnificent at what they do, an Image that Siemens wishes to imply for their own company.Another reason for sports sponsorship ordure be the introduction of a new and still unknown product or that the company itself is still new and unknown. Therefore, the company tries to boost attention by advertising with sport events or athletes. In the sass Commodore was a pompons for the 1 . FCC Brayer Munched, because aught knew Commodore and they gained public attention with their commitment.. But some sponsors work with little clubs to be closer to their customers. For example redress companies are interested in the direct contact with the people.They want to sell their products. It is not important for lower-ranking and regional companies to sponsor a big club. They need a little club in their field of view / district for success. Every company needs their own sponsor concept for success and content clients. What can be done for a sponsor at a Volleyball event.. Where and how can a sponsor show his logo or p roduct? You have some areas for the sponsors banner, flags, flying banner etc. o I v areas (ten Title, Press room, sponsor wall) o spectator areas (Like entry, the hall . O Press areas (like the hole room, the press conference. ) o VII area (for the sponsors, important people .. ) It is possible to entrust give sways, papers and programs for the spectators or VISP with the sponsor logo or culture. Sometimes the sponsor have an area for information or a booth.

Learning Essay

Learning something new its no easy. I have learned a lot of things in my life like cooking, glide and horse riding, and Ive always do itn that to be pessimistic is non a good choice. Thats why I decided to put a good face to the idea of learn how to trip the light fantastic salsa.A few months ago, I decided to sign up for salsa classes, e realthing began when we were celebrating the birth solar day of a friend and absolutely they exclusively got up of their seats to trip the light fantastic salsa, everyone, except for me. Not knowing how to dance salsa is not something additional just now that day, at that moment, in that birthday, it meant a lot to me because my father was a professional salsa dancer and I am supposed to have that gene in my veins.The low few weeks were the hardest in the dance studio. I was scargond, I felt that I had two left feet and for my bad luck always touched me dance with the most awkward of the boys. His name was Marcos. A very friendly guy, han dsome and gentle homosexually, but dancing was not his top hat skill. The first steps that we learned were basic but the most painful, I was not apply to dance that type of music because it is a very fast dance and every song seemed endless. The Salsa is very spontaneous, involves a lot of movement of the hips and feet always said our instructor, he was a very funny man but what we most love about him was his patience and commitment to us. He showed us that we must first overcome the fear and shame that involves dancing in from of a group of people so we bay window show all the confidence that we have.And thats exactly what I did, with time and practice I became the best in my class. Salsa dancing became my obsession I could not stop thinking about it, especially knowing, that the give way session was a competition dance. The prize was a medal and that medal was my goal.I practiced day and night, in every spare moment, until the day of competition. I confess I was very nervous b ut I still succeed in overcoming all my fears and given the best of me on that dance floor. And you know what? I won, I won the medal and became the best in my class, I am very high of myself because I showed that it is never late to learn something new and that everything in life involves patience, effort, practice and above all dedication . All these aspects made me the person that I am now. A person more cocksure of itself and of what can be achieved in life.So if you still do not know how to dance salsa, what are you waiting for? Its never too late, because now Im sure that for the next birthday of one of my friends, Ill be ready for dance Salsa until dawn.

Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Sacrificing for the Greater Good

Embryos are essentially microscopic human beings. Regardless of what good they whitethorn provide to the field of medicine, the honourable controversies surrounding embryonic group cell seek are profound. al-Qaida cells, the cells used by the human body to replenish damaged tissue, are found in some(prenominal) embryonic and adult form. At the adult level, al-Qaida cells prat be extracted from bone marrow, but the square ethical debate arises when embryonic stem cells are introduced. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells are among the only when guinea pig that can form any of over 200 cell types, making it the most useful and versatile.These cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of the embryo when extracted, and subsequently terminates the embryo itself, which is technically manslaughter. However, it must in like manner be noted that embryonic stem cell look into can provide effective treatments and crimson cures for those in need of organ transplants and other irreme diable predicaments. Therefore, it is safe to say, from a utilitarian perspective, that the essential final stage of one embryo can save the lives of many, and with Jeremy Benthams phrase the greatest good for the greatest publication I believe that embryonic stem cell research is ethical.The real controversy in stem cell research lays in the termination (abortion) of the embryo, which is an entirely independent debate altogether. The embryonic stem cells extracted for research are being derived from embryos that are being aborted regardless (Johansen). Therefore, there is a macrocosmic debate more than than powerful than the one about stem cell research itself. By harvesting these stem cells from babies predestinate to abortion, at least a contribution is being made to society one that can make headway a multitude of people, perhaps suffering from a multitude of conditions.Even if one wants to debate the ethics of stem cell research, the researchers are being ethically uneth ical, with regard to the abortions guaranteed to take place. However, those who value human life from the smirch of conception, particularly those who are religious, oppose embryonic stem cell research, because the extraction of stem cells from this type of an embryo requires its dying essentially, a human life killed, which is deemed both morally and religiously indecent (Cowan). But this picayune ideology is flawed in its logical reasoning.If these babies are going to die, whether their stem cells are harvested or not, isnt making a solid contribution to science and humanity ethical? If the embryo is destroyed, in an every bit torturous manner, shouldnt that sacred human life provide something for mankind as a intact? For example, medical researchers and physician-scientists were able to differentiate stem cells to become heart cells (Mount Sinai School of Medicine). The cells were then analyzed, for the treatment of cardiomyopathy, a condition with heart muscle cell abnormal ities.The benefits of this harvesting are unfathomable scientists will now be able to analyze the root of the unhealthiness, its development, and ways to inhibit the diseases growth and progression. It is then quite an evident, that the life of the embryo originally used in the harvesting of the embryonic stem cells for this discovery, is only more sacred, and contributed more to society and humanity, than most human lives do in a lifetime. The Jewish population seems to strike a more insightful, yet still opposing take on the issue.Many Rabbis do find it unethical, for the unspotted reason that it cheapens the value of human life (Eisenberg). This is, however, contradictory of Torah text, which states that the responsible use of technology for the sole decide of improving human life is not only permitted, but encouraged. It is claimed by the experts in the field that the research on stem cells has great potential to relieve human disease and suffering. If this is the case, the n it is not only allowed but it is obligatory to pursue this research.Embryonic stem cells are a source of hope, for patients suffering from spinal stack injuries, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Parkinsons disease, cancer, Alzheimers disease, heart disease, and hundreds of genetic disorders. With research, medical scientists will be able to make discoveries and clear the origin of diseases, based on the origin of true human life embryonic stem cells. This opens the introduction for unbelievable breakthroughs in medical science even a potential cure for cancer.Stem cell therapy can provide promising treatment for over 100 million patients currently suffering from a disease under research. Some researchers consider this to be the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the orgasm of antibiotics (White). The Republican Party in the United States the party of God, had significant doubt in the ethical veracity of embryonic stem cell research and therefore d eath chair George W. Bush vetoed the Stem carrell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 and 2007.However, after taking office, President Obama lifted the ban on march 9, 2009, saying Medical miracles do not happen simply by accident. They result from painstaking and expensive research, from years of lonely trial and error, much of which never bears fruit, and from a government willing to support that work. If the President of the United States of America can see the ethical and moral justness in this all the greater good, the pros outweighing the cons, the glass half-full, along with most of the American people, is this really an ethical debate?After all, ethics, by definition, is a system of moral principles. Works Cited Cowan, C. A. Derivation of Human Stem- carrell Lines from Human Blastocysts. New England Journal of Medicine (2004) 1355. Eisenberg, Daniel. Is the destruction of preexisting pre-embryos permitted for stem cell research? 10 November 2001. Aish. com. 22 February 2 011 . Johansen, Jay. Whats wrong with Embryonic Stem Cell Research? 26 July 2001. Pregnant Pause. 22 February 2011 . Medicine, Mount Sinai School of. Stem Cells For First Time utilise to Create Abnormal Heart Cells For Study of Cardiomyopathy. 9 June 2010. HealthNewsDigest. com. 22 February 2011 . White, Deborah. Pros Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. n. d. About. com. 22 February 2011 .

Merchant Banking Essay

A merchandiser verifying is a pecuniary institution primarily engaged in offering financial serve and advice to gild and crocked individuals on how to use their money. A merchandiser aver deal with commercial banking needs of pay, compevery & foresighted term loans and line writing. merchandiser banking does not check retail offices where customer can go and access their account. A merchant bank is also called as wholesale banking.OBJECTIVEMain objective of merchant banking is coordinating the b come outivities like the bankers, advertising agency, pr burys and lowwriters etc. Guide companies to get register there sh atomic number 18 under SEBI act.The merchant banking determine the number of sh atomic number 18, price of the stocks and the timing of the release of this in the buff stock. They also bequeath services to the finance housing schemes for the construction of houses and buying of land.History and growth of merchant Banking in IndiaBefore mid-sixties there was no merchant banking in India. This system started aft(prenominal) 1960s. The Grind lays bank was the first bank which started merchant banking services. Grind lays bank is the largest orthogonal bank in the country. The main service offered by merchant banking includes the management of world let gos and some aspects of financial consultancy. After this more(prenominal) than banks took initiative of merchant banking services. Bank like Citibank came in 1970. merchandiser banking with Citibank play role in newly entrepreneur and evaluation of new propose. Raising gold through justness took place. Management consultancy services were started. assert bank of India started the merchant banking in 1972. Before 1972 state bank of India used to only provide bills. further after 1972 state bank of India started multi-tasking. Commercial banks which followed state bank of India were1. Central bank in 1977.2. phratry bank in 1977.3. Standard chartered bank, mercantile bank and bank of Baroda in 1978.4. United bank of India, Punjab national bank, canara bank, Indian overseasbank in late 70s and in azoic 80s.Importance of Merchant BankingNeed for Merchant Banking is felt in the wake of huge usual savings lying untapped. Merchant bankers can play highly significant role in mobilizing funds of savers to investible channels assuring promising returns on enthronisations and thus can assist in meeting the output demand for inevitable funds for economic occupation. With growth of merchant banking profession in somaticd enterprises ar labour expansion, modernization, and diversification of the existing enterprises. This reinforces the need for a vigorous role to be played by merchant banking.Reasons why specialist merchant banks have crucial role to play in India 1) growth industrial enterprise and increase of technologically advanced industries. 2) Need for encouragement of small and medium industrialists, who require specialist services. 3) Growin g complexity in rules and procedures of the government. 4) Need to develop backward areas and states which require different criteria. 5) Exploring the possibility of joint ventures oversea and foreign markets. 6) Promoting the role of New Market in mobilizing savings from the national.Functions performed under Merchant BankingThe important usages of merchant bankers are1) Management of Debt and Equity OfferingsThis forms the main function of the merchant banker. He assists the companies in raising funds from the market. The undergoing tasks include instrument designing, pricing the disoblige, accommodation of the offer document, underwriting support, marketing of the issue, storage allocation and refund and listing on stock exchanges. 2) Placement and DistributionThe merchant banker helps in distributing various securities like equity shares, debt instruments, mutual funds, damages products, and commercial paper, to name a few. The distribution authorizework of the merchant banker can be classified as institutional and retail in nature. The institutional networkconsists of mutual funds, foreign institutional investors private equity funds pension funds, financial institutions, etc.3) Corporate Advisory ServicesIt denotes advice provided by a merchant banker to a corporate unit to go over better corporate unit to ensure better corporate performance in terms of image building among investors, steady growth through good working, handle in market value of its equity shares. The management is limited to only opinions and suggestions and both detailed epitome would form part of a specific service4) Project Advisory ServicesProject counseling is a very important and lucrative merchant banking service. It covers development of an idea into a scheme, preparation of the project report , estimation of the cost of the project and deciding upon the means of financial and techno-economic appraisal of projects for capital issue/ support etc. The fee charged fo r project report preparation / appraisal ranges between 0.25% to 2% of the total project cost. The fee charged depends upon- a)Total size of the projectb)The total complexity of the project5) add SyndicationMerchant bankers arrange to tie up loans for their clients. This takes place in a series of steps. Firstly, they analyze the variant of the clients cash flows, based on which the terms of the borrowings can be defined. Then the merchant banker prepares a detailed loan memorandum, which is circulated to various banks and financial institutions and they are invited to participate in the syndicate. The banks so scat off the terms of lending on the basis of which the final allocation is done. 6) Providing Venture expectant FinancingMerchant bankers help companies in obtaining venture capital financing for financing their new and innovative strategies. 7) Management of Capital Issuesa) Pre-issue Management locomote required to be taken to manage Pre-issue activity are as follows 1) Obtaining stock exchange approvals tomemorandum and articles of association.2) Taking action as per SEBI signposts.3) Finalising the appointments of the spare-magazine activity agencies Co managers /advisors to the issue.Underwriters to the issue.Brokers to the issue.Bnakers to the issue and refund banker.Advertising agency.Printers and registrars to the issue.4) purpose the comp both to appoint auditors, legal advisers and broad base card of Directors.5) Drafting the course catalogue.6) Obtaining approvals of draft course catalog from the partnerships legal advisors, underwriting financial institutions/banks.7) Obtaining consent from parties and agencies acting for the issue to be enclosed with the prospectus.8) Approval of prospectus from Securities and exchange scorecard Of India(Sebi).9) Filing of the prospectus with registrar of companies (Roc)10) Making an application for enlistment with Stock metamorphose along with copy of the prospectus.11) Publicity of the issue with advertisement and conferences12) Open subscription list.B) Post Issue ManagementSteps involved1) To verify and confirm that the issue is subscribed to the extent of 90% including development from underwriters in effort of subscription. 2) To supervise and co-ordinate the allotment procedures of registrar to the issueas per prescribed Stock Exchange guidelines. 3) 3)To ensure issue of refund order , allotment letters/ awards within the prescribed time limit of 10 weeks after the closure of subscription list 4) To report periodically to SEBI about the progress in the matters related to allotment and refunds. 5) To ensure the listing of securities at a stock exchanges. 6) To attend the investors for managers regarding the public issue. 7) The merchant bankers managing public issue can negotiate fee subject to a ceiling .This fee is to be shared by all manoeuvre managers, advisers etc.readjustment with SEBI as Merchant BankerMerchant banks are generally setup as subsidiary comp anies of banks. For e.g. SBI caps, ICICI securities etc. Once the feasibility studies are undertaken and it comes out to be viable then the following steps are undertaken for registration with SEBI Application for concord of certificateAn application for grant of certificate is required to be made with SEBI as without holding the certificate no person can act as a merchant banker. The application can be made in one of the following categories 1. Category 1 To carry out any activity of issue management which includes preparation of prospectus and former(a) information relating to issue, determining financial structure, tie up of financers and financial allotment, and refund of the subscription. Another activity that pertains to this category is of advisor, consultant manager, underwriter, portfolio manager. 2. Category 2 To act as advisor. Consultant, co manager, underwriter and portfolio manager. 3. Category 3 To act as underwriter, advisor, and consultant to an issue. 4. Category 4 To act only as advisor and consultant to an issue. To carry on the activity of underwriter and portfolio manager, a separate certificate of registration needs to be obtained from SEBI.Furnishing of information, clarification, and personal representation The applier may need to provide further information or clarification regarding matters related to activity of merchant banker. Consideration of applicationBefore granting the certificate, the Board shall take into account that theapplicant complies with the following requirement 1. The applicant shall be a body corporate other than a non banking financial company. 2. The merchant banker who has been granted the certificate by RBI to act as primary dealer shall carry on such activity with the condition that it should not accept or hold any public deposit. 3. The applicant should have necessary infrastructure to carry on his activities. 4. The applicant should employ atleast two persons who have the experience to conduct the me lodic phrase of merchant banker. 5. The applicant should fulfill the capital adequacy requirement as follows The capital adequacy requirement should not be less than the net cost of the applicant. The net worth shall be as follows Category 1 5 croresCategory 2 50 lacsCategory 3 20 lacsCategory 4 Nil6. The applicant or any of his associate should be absolve of any legal charges, should not have been convicted for any offence and not found guilty of any economic offence. 7. The applicant should possess professional qualification from any recognized govt. institute in finance law or business management. Procedure for registrationThe SEBI on being satisfied with the eligibility of the applicant shall grant him a certificate . Payment of feesThe applicant has to pay Rs. 5 lacs within 15 days of time of receipt of intimation regarding grant of certificate. If the merchant banker fails to pay the required fee, the Board may suspend the registration and applicant may cease to carry on ac tivity as merchant banker for the period during which the subscription subsists. The merchant banker may commence on the business as merchant banker on the acquisition of Certificate of Registration from SEBI after the completion of above mentioned formalities. Procedure for Inspection Boards Right to inspect The Board may appoint one or more persons as inspecting indorsement to undertake recap of the books of accounts, records and documents of the merchant banker for any of the purposes specified in sub-regulation (2). Notice before inspectionBefore undertaking an inspection, the Board shall put a reasonable notice to the merchant banker for that purpose. Where the Board is satisfied that in the interest of the investors no such notice should be buckle undern, it may inspect without prior notice. During the course of inspection, the merchant banker against whom an inspection is being carried out shall be bound to discharge his obligations. Obligations of Merchant Banker on Insp ectionIt shall be the duty of every director, proprietor, partner, officeholder and employee of the merchant banker, who is being inspected, to produce to the inspecting function such books, accounts and other documents in his custody or accountant and furnish him with the statements and information relating to his activities as a merchant banker within such time as the inspecting authority may require. The merchant banker shall allow the inspecting authority to have reasonable access to the premises occupied by such merchant banker or by any other person on his behalf and also travel reasonable facility for examining any books, records, documents and computer data in the possession of the merchant banker or any such other person and also provide copies of documents or other materials which, in the opinion of the inspecting authority are relevant for the purposes of the inspection.The inspecting authority, in the course of inspection, shall be entitled to examine or record state ments of any principal officer, director, partner, proprietor and employee of the merchant banker. It shall be the duty of every director, proprietor, partner, officer or employee of the merchant banker to ordain to the inspecting authority all assistance in connection with the inspection which the merchant banker may be reasonably expected to give. Submission of Report to the BoardThe inspecting authority shall, as soon as possible submit, an inspection report to the Board. Action on Inspection or Investigation ReportThe Board of the Chairman shall after consideration of inspection or investigation report take such action. Appointment of AuditorThe Board may appoint a qualified auditor to investigate into the books of account or the affairs of the merchant banker. Communication of findingsThe Board shall after consideration of the inspection report communicate thefindings to the merchant banker to give him an chance of being heard before any action is taken by the Board on the f indings of the inspecting authority. On receipt of the explanation if any, from the merchant banker, the Board may call upon the merchant banker to take such measures as the Board may deem fit in the interest of the securities market and for due compliance with commissariat of the Act, rules and regulations.Guidelines of SEBIThe SEBI has issued guidelines for the issue of capital by companies. The guidelines mainly cover the requirement for the first issue by a new or existing company. The guidelines issued by SEBI are mentioned below If any companys other income exceeds 10% of the total income, the details should be disclosed. The company should disclose any adverse situation which affects the trading operations of the company. The company should also disclose the capacity utilization of plant for the last 3 years. The promoters must arrest their holding at least 20% of the expanded capital. The minimum application money payable at the time of issue should not be less than 25% o f the issue price. The company should disclose the time normally taken for the disposal of investors grievances. The company can make firm allotments in public issues as follows 1. Indian Mutual funds (20%)2. FIIs (24%)3. Regular employees of the company (10%)4. Financial institution (20%)The company should disclose the safety net scheme or buy back arrangements of the shares proposed in public issue. In case of public issues, atleast 30 mandatory collection centres should be established. In the guidelines regarding right issue, the company should give advertisements in not more than 2 newspapers about the dispatch of letter of offers. No preferential allotment to be made along then rights issue. The company should disclose the free agreement between the lead managers and the company in the memorandum of understanding.Difference between Merchant Banking and Commercial BankingMERCHANT BANKINGCOMMERCIAL BANKINGMerchant banking deals with equity and equity related finance. Merchant ban ks are management oriented.Merchant banks willing to accept risks of business.The activities of merchant banks include project counseling in area of capital restructuring, mergers, amalgamations e.t.c.Commercial banking deals with debt and debt related finance. Commercial banks are asset oriented.Commercial banks generally avoid risks of business.Commercial bankers are merely financiers.Difference between Merchant Banking and Investment BankingMERCHANT BANKINGINVESTMENT BANKINGMerchant banking is purely fee based.Merchant banking are impossible to delay aloof from international trends. Merchant banks expands into the field of securities, underwriting Merchant banking primarily perform international financing activities such as1. Foreign corporate investing2. Foreign real estate enthronement.3. Trade finance and inter transaction facilitation.Merchant banks tends to operate on small scale companies and offer creative equity financing ,and numbers of corporate credit products.Invest ment banking is both fee based and fund based.Investment banking commits their avouch funds.Investment banks trade finance activities.Investing banking facilitate mergers and acquisitions through share sales and provide question and financial consulting to companies. It focuses on IPOs and large public and private share offering. While investment banks tends tofocus on large companies. Recent developments in Merchant BankingThe recent developments in merchant banking are due to certain contributory factors in India are The merchant banking was at its best during 1985-1992 when there were some new issues . It was expected that 2010 going to be good time for merchant banks , as some new issues are coming up . The foreign investors- both in the form of portfolio investment and through foreign direct investments are venturing in Indian Economy. It is increasing the scope of merchant bankers in many ways. Disinvestments in the government sector in the country give a big scope to the merchant bankers to function as consultants. Introducing of new financial instruments in the market has increased the opportunity for the merchant banks. The merger and corporate restructuring along with MOU and MOA are giving immense opportunities to the merchant bankers for consultancy jobs.Challenges faced by Merchant Banker in IndiaSEBI guideline has restricted their operations to Issue Management and Portfolio .Management to some extent due to which the scope of work is limited. The net worth requirement is very high in categories I and II specially so many professionally experienced person/organizations cannot come into the picture. Poor New issues market in India is drying up the business of the merchant bankers.Scope for Merchant Banking1. Growth of primary market if the primary market grows and issues increases, the scope of merchant banking will be enhanced.2. Entry of foreign investment instanter India capital market directly taps foreign capital through euro issues.FDI is increased in capital market .so merchant bankers is required to advice them for their investment in India. The increasing number of joint ventures also requires expert services of merchant bankers. if more and more NRIs participate in capital market ,there will be great demand for merchant banker services.3. Changing policy of financial institutions now the lending prices of financial institutions are based on project orientation, so the merchant banker services will be needed by corporate enterprise to provide expert guidance.4. Development of debt markets if the debt market is enhanced, there will be tremendous scope for merchant bankers, now NSE and OTCEI are planned to raise funds through their debt instruments.5. Corporate restructuring due to liberalization and globalization companies are facing lot of competitions .In order to compete, they have to restructuring, merger, acquisitions or disinvestments. They offer good opportunities to merchant bankers.